Involves dragging, selecting, opening, closing, and zooming actions on virtual objects. This approach exploits the user's
knowledge of how they move and manipulate the physical world. Can involve actions using physical controllers or air gestures
to control the movements of an on-screen avatar.
Pros:
- Novices can learn the basic functionality quickly.
- Error messages are rarely needed.
- Users can get direct feedback on their actions.
Cons:
- Some people take the metaphor of direct manipulation too literally.
- Not all actions can be done directly, and not all tasks can be described by objects.
- Can be slower than function keys or command line.
